HP-35 | 1972

 

HP-35

HP-35

History
In the early 1970s, Bill Hewlett, co-founder of HP, challenged his colleagues to create an HP-9100-sized calculator that could fit into a shirt pocket. At the time, advanced functions like trigonometry and logarithms were performed with slide rules, and existing portable calculators could only perform basic arithmetic. The HP-35, introduced in 1972, was the world's first portable scientific calculator capable of performing complex calculations such as trigonometric and exponential functions. Priced at $395 (equivalent to $2,900 in 2023), it used Reverse Polish Notation (RPN), the same as HP’s desktop model, the HP-9100A. The '35' in the name referred to the 35 keys on the calculator.

Initially sold from 1972 to 1975, the HP-35 became a milestone in calculator history. In 2007, HP released the retro-style HP 35s to celebrate the 35th anniversary of the original model, priced at $59.99. In 2009, the HP-35 was designated as an IEEE Milestone in recognition of its groundbreaking role in the development of portable calculators.



Description
The HP-35 featured a traditional floating-point display, automatically switching between normal and scientific notation as needed. Its 15-digit LED display could show a 10-digit mantissa, sign, decimal point, and a 2-digit exponent with a sign. The LED display used a unique multiplexing method, lighting each segment one at a time, a design that made it appear brighter due to the way the human eye perceives light. This was crucial because early LEDs were relatively dim, especially compared to modern high-efficiency diodes.

Powered by three AA-sized nickel-cadmium (NiCd) batteries, the HP-35 used a rechargeable battery pack, which is no longer available. As a result, owners today must either rely on AC power or reassemble their own battery packs. The calculator could also operate directly from an external charger, whether or not the battery pack was installed.

Internally, the HP-35 was based on a 1-bit serial processor, sourced from a contract with Mostek and American Microsystems, Inc. It processed 10-digit mantissas with a 2-digit exponent in 10-digit floating point format, stored in 56 bits (14 nibbles), and used Binary-Coded Decimal (BCD) for arithmetic.

HP-35 Features

  • Arithmetic: +, −, ×, ÷
  • Trigonometric Functions: sin, arc sin; cos, arc cos; tan, arc tan (in decimal degrees)
  • Logarithmic Functions: log₁₀(x); ln(x), eˣ
  • Others: 1/x, √x, xᵧ, π

The HP-35 used a 4-register stack (x, y, z, t). When the "enter" key was pressed, the value on the screen (x) was added to the stack. All binary operations popped the lower two registers and pushed the result. The "roll down" operation shifted the contents of the stack like a ring buffer, moving data from t to z, z to y, y to x, and x back to t.

Successor Models

The HP-35 was the starting point for a series of related calculators with similar mechanical packaging:

  • HP-45: Added more flexible output formatting options.
  • HP-65: Introduced programmability, with programs stored on magnetic cards.
  • HP-55: A successor to the HP-65, featuring a smaller program memory but no external storage.
  • HP-67: Extended the programmability of the HP-65 and offered fully merged keycodes.
  • HP-80 and HP-70: Offered financial functions like future value and net present value calculations.
  • HP-25: A smaller, more affordable programmable scientific calculator without a magnetic card reader.
  • HP-41C: A significant advance in programmability and capacity, featuring CMOS memory to retain programs when powered off. It was the first calculator to display alphabetic characters.
  • HP-28C and HP-28S: Provided more memory and stronger programming capabilities.

Although these later models used different mechanical designs, the core operational principles remained largely similar.

HP-35 Trivia

  • The HP-35 measured 5.8 inches (150mm) long and 3.2 inches (81mm) wide, designed to fit into William Hewlett’s shirt pocket.
  • It was the first scientific calculator used in space, aboard Skylab 3 and Skylab 4 from July 1973 to February 1974.
  • The HP-35 was the first portable calculator to support a 200-decibel range (precisely 199, ±10±99).
  • The LED display consumed considerable power, leading to a short battery life of around 3 hours per charge. Users could reduce power consumption by pressing the "enter" key to display a single LED combination at a time.
  • The HP-35 utilized 767 carefully chosen instructions (7670 bits) to implement arithmetic, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions.
  • The calculator's dual-color plastic keys provided durable labels that did not wear off like those on cheaper calculators.
  • The HP-35 led to the decline of the slide rule, as electronic slide rule holders quickly replaced traditional slide rules in classrooms.
  • In its first year, the HP-35 sold 100,000 units, and over 300,000 units were sold before it was discontinued in 1975.

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