IBM 701 | 1952
The IBM 701, announced on May 21, 1952, was IBM's first commercial scientific computer and the company's first series production mainframe. Initially known as the Defense Calculator during development, it was designed by Jerrier Haddad and Nathaniel Rochester, drawing inspiration from the IAS machine at Princeton.
Key Features and Historical Context
The IBM 701 was the first in the IBM 700/7000 series, which dominated IBM's high-end computing landscape until the introduction of the IBM System/360 in 1964. It was developed to compete with Remington Rand's UNIVAC 1103 in the scientific computing market. The 701 was recognized for its superior input/output capabilities, which made it particularly suitable for scientific tasks, including nuclear explosive calculations at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
A total of 19 IBM 701 systems were installed, with significant orders coming from various sectors, including aircraft companies. At an annual stockholders' meeting in 1953, Thomas Watson Jr. highlighted that they initially expected to secure five orders but returned with 18.
Economic Impact
The rental cost for an IBM 701 ranged from approximately $12,000 to $20,000 per month, depending on usage. This pricing positioned it as a high-end computing solution in its era.
Evolution and Successors
The IBM 701 was succeeded by the IBM 704 in 1958, which introduced index registers and transitioned to magnetic-core memory. However, the two systems were not compatible due to changes in instruction size from 18 bits to 36 bits.
Social and Technological Contributions
The IBM 701 made notable contributions to artificial intelligence and language translation. In collaboration with Georgetown University, IBM developed the first experimental translation software for Russian-to-English translation, which evolved into a working model by 1959.
Additionally, a group of scientists utilized the 701 to simulate blackjack games, determining optimal playing strategies still used today. The machine also showcased early AI capabilities through Arthur Samuel's checkers-playing program, which garnered public attention in 1956.
Moreover, the IBM 701 was the platform for Speedcode, the first high-level programming language for an IBM computer, developed by John Backus in 1953.
Conclusion
The IBM 701 played a crucial role in advancing computer technology and applications in scientific computing, language processing, and artificial intelligence. Its legacy continues to influence modern computing paradigms.
