IBM PCjr | 1983
IBM PCjr
The IBM PCjr was a home computer produced and sold by IBM from March 1984 to May 1985, designed as a more affordable variant of the IBM PC. It aimed to compete with other home computers like the Apple II and Commodore 64, offering hardware more suited for video games.
The PCjr retained the IBM PC’s 8088 CPU and BIOS interface but featured improved graphics, sound, ROM cartridge slots, built-in joystick ports, and an infrared wireless keyboard. It could also be expanded via the "Sidecar" modules.
However, the PCjr was a commercial failure. It had limited support for IBM's software library, and its controversial chiclet keyboard and limited expandability led to poor reception. Initially, it offered a maximum of 128KB of RAM, which was insufficient for running many PC programs.
There were two main models: the 4860-004 with 64KB of RAM and the 4860-067 with 128KB of RAM and a 360KB 5.25-inch floppy disk drive. They were priced at $669 and $1,269 respectively, which would be equivalent to $2,050 and $3,880 in 2023.
The PCjr was made entirely of plastic, unlike the metal chassis of the IBM PC. It had a front bay for a 5.25-inch floppy disk drive. The internal drive was a half-height Qume 5.25-inch unit, used in the PC Portable as well, but with a small fan for heat dissipation in the PCjr.
The PCjr had two cartridge slots, allowing users to insert ROM cartridges with software. Each cartridge could hold up to 64KB of ROM, and when inserted, the computer would automatically restart and boot from the ROM. The cartridges were read-only and did not offer writable memory or I/O hardware like those of other computers or game consoles.
The CPU was the same Intel 8088 running at 4.77 MHz, but the shared memory between the graphics hardware and CPU resulted in lower overall performance than the IBM PC. However, performance was better when running programs or data from ROM.
The video system of the PCjr was built-in and offered new video modes, in addition to the standard CGA graphics. The main improvement was a deeper color palette; while CGA supported only 4 colors, the PCjr supported 16 colors in addition to 4 colors.
The PCjr used the Texas Instruments SN76496 chip to generate three square wave channels and one noise channel. An analog sound module could also be added via expansion, and it offered selectable sound output.
The original PCjr keyboard was an infrared wireless design, marketed as "Freeboard," but it was uncomfortable for many users. IBM later released a new wireless keyboard design.
The PCjr lacked expansion slots but could be extended via the "Sidecar" modules, which supported additional graphic hardware, multi-channel sound, joystick ports, and serial ports.
IBM's first personal computer, the IBM PC, was released in 1981. It was a significant success, achieving a 26% market share by 1983, and was the second-best-selling computer behind the budget-friendly Commodore 64. However, by late 1983, IBM was working on a home version of the PC, which was code-named "Peanut." The rumors surrounding "Peanut" created significant buzz, and the product was expected to be an IBM PC-compatible device with 64KB of memory, priced between $600 and $1,000, cheaper than the Apple IIe. IBM continued to deny these rumors.
On November 1, 1983, IBM officially announced the PCjr at its headquarters in New York. The product quickly generated excitement, with high expectations that it would become a major player in the market, and IBM set a sales target of over 1 million units by 1984. IBM promoted the PCjr as the home version of the IBM PC, claiming it would allow consumers to use IBM computers in both home and office settings. At this time, the PCjr was considered to have outstanding graphics and sound capabilities, and was even thought of as a gaming machine.
When the PCjr launched in March 1984, initial sales were disappointing. Despite the high level of interest, consumer enthusiasm quickly waned after demo units were released. Many consumers voiced complaints about the price, the keyboard, and the limited memory. The chiclet keyboard was especially uncomfortable, and the lack of function keys made word processing cumbersome. Additionally, the PCjr came with only 64KB of RAM, and expansion beyond 128KB was not possible, nor could additional disk drives be added. These limitations made it unsuitable for business software or more advanced games.
In an effort to address these issues, IBM reduced the price by up to $370 in June 1984. They also announced free keyboard replacements. These changes led to an increase in sales in the short term, with estimates suggesting that 200,000 units were sold in the fourth quarter of 1984. However, by early 1985, the PCjr was discontinued. IBM cited the slower-than-expected growth of the home market as the reason for discontinuing the product.
Although the PCjr is considered a commercial failure, IBM learned valuable lessons from the experience.
