Xerox Alto | 1973

Xerox Alto

Xerox Alto

 The Xerox Alto is a computer system developed at Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research Center) in the 1970s. It is considered one of the first workstations or personal computers and played a crucial role in pioneering many aspects of modern computing. The Alto featured a graphical user interface (GUI), a mouse, Ethernet networking, and multitasking capabilities. It was also one of the first computers to use a WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) text editor and a bit-mapped display. Though it was not commercially successful, it had a significant influence on the development of future computer systems.

The Alto was conceived in 1972 by Butler Lampson through a memo, influenced by Douglas Engelbart and Dustin Lindberg's oN-Line System (NLS) and the PLATO education system. The design was led by Charles P. Thacker, and an initial run of 30 units was produced. Over the next decade, approximately 2,000 units were built. The Alto became well-known in Silicon Valley, and in 1979, Steve Jobs visited Xerox PARC, where he saw the Alto's technology, particularly its GUI, which inspired the development of Apple's Lisa and Macintosh systems.

The Alto used a microcoded design with a bit-slice arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and had 128KB (expandable to 512KB) of main memory. It featured a 2.5MB removable hard disk drive and a black-and-white CRT display. The Alto's input devices included a custom keyboard and a three-button mouse, which later switched to a ball-type mouse, influencing later user interfaces.

Early Alto software was written in BCPL and later Mesa. Some innovative programs included the WYSIWYG text editors Bravo and Gypsy, the Laurel email tool, and the network-based video game Alto Trek.

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