Columbia | 2004 ~ 2013


 Columbia was a supercomputer built by Silicon Graphics (SGI) for NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), installed in 2004 at NASA's Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) facility in Moffett Field, California. Named in honor of the crew lost in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster, it increased NASA's supercomputing capacity by ten times, supporting the agency's science, aeronautics, and exploration programs.

Missions run on Columbia included high-fidelity simulations of the Space Shuttle vehicle and launch systems, hurricane track prediction, global ocean circulation, and the physics of supernova explosions.

Columbia debuted as the second most powerful supercomputer on the TOP500 list in November 2004, with a LINPACK rating of 51.87 teraflops, meaning 51.87 trillion floating-point operations per second. By June 2007, it had dropped to 13th place.

Originally, Columbia was composed of 20 interconnected SGI Altix 3700 512-processor multi-rack systems running SUSE Linux Enterprise, using Intel Itanium 2 Montecito and Montvale processors. In 2006, NASA and SGI added four new Altix 4700 nodes with 256 dual-core processors, reducing the physical footprint and power costs of the supercomputer. These nodes were connected by InfiniBand single and double data rate (SDR and DDR) cables, allowing transfer speeds of up to 10 gigabits per second.

The SGI Altix platform was chosen due to NASA and SGI's successful experience with Kalpana, a single-node Altix 512-CPU system named after astronaut Kalpana Chawla, the first woman of Indian descent to fly in space. Kalpana was later integrated into Columbia's system as the first node.

At its peak, Columbia had 10,240 processors, 20 terabytes of memory, 440 terabytes of online storage using SGI's CXFS filesystem, and 10 petabytes of archival tape storage. The Columbia project team, primarily made up of computer scientists and engineers from NAS, SGI, and Intel, received the Government Computer News (GCN) Agency Award for Innovation in 2005 for deploying Columbia's 10,240 processors in a record 120 days.

Columbia was gradually phased out as its successors, the petascale Pleiades supercomputer and the Endeavour shared-memory system, expanded to meet NASA's growing high-performance computing needs. By the time of its decommissioning in March 2013, Columbia consisted of four nodes over 40 SGI Altix 4700 racks, with Intel Itanium 2 Montecito and Montvale processors totaling 4,608 cores, offering a theoretical peak of 30 teraflops and 9 terabytes of memory.

이 블로그의 인기 게시물

콜러서스 컴퓨터 [Colossus computer | December 1943]

NTDS [Naval Tactical Data System | 1961]

에니악 [ENIAC | December 10, 1945]